Impact Mechanism and Optimization Strategies of the Five-Element Synergistic Model in Higher Education on Students’ Innovative Capabilities: An Empirical Study Based on Mixed Methods

Abstract

Against the backdrop of Sustainable Development Goal 4 (SDG 4) and rapid AI advancement, higher education demands sustainable transformation. This study examined the “Faculty-Student-AI-Environment-Culture” five-element synergistic model via a sequential explanatory mixed-methods design (431 surveys, 42 semi-structured interviews in China). The five elements collectively explained 38.5% of teaching effectiveness variance (Adj. R²=0.385), with Environmental Support (β=0.207) and AI Synergy (β=0.197) as the most critical drivers (both p<0.001), followed by Student Agency Activation, Faculty Role Adaptation (both p<0.001), and Cultural Adaptability (p=0.008). No significant disciplinary (F=0.635, p=0.530) or institutional (F=0.249, p=0.779) disparities were observed, confirming strong generalizability. Key barriers included the Digital Divide (β=-0.371) and Faculty Adaptation Anxiety (β=-0.336) (both p<0.001), with marginally significant Ethical Concerns (p=0.054). A “Layered Empowerment-Precise Adaptation-Dynamic Optimization” framework was developed, offering scalable guidance for global institutions aligned with SDG 4 and ESD.