International Journal of English and Education
International Journal of English and Education (IJEE) is a scholarly open access, peer reviewed quarterly journal. The journal aims at providing a platform and encourages emerging scholars and academicians globally to share their professional and academic knowledge in the fields of English language, literature, linguistics and education. We are dedicated to ensuring that the IJEE remains a valuable resource for educators around the world. By publishing cutting-edge research, sharing innovative teaching practices, and promoting critical thinking in the field of education, we aim to empower educators to create dynamic and engaging learning experiences for their students.
The Practice of Autopoiesis as the Aim of Education
This paper invites your travel from the “deep me” of self to other with the knight’s hidden inwardness (Kierkegarrd, 1990), to see what takes place in the dynamics of my selfreferred living system Maturana calls autopoiesis and then, moving from self-transcendence to “absolute otherness.” Here ‘I’ is in the space between Master signifier ‘I’ and the significant other, where ‘I’ is never alone but always transpersonal. This unified existential and experiential space puts their unity together that gives them the potential to educe new meaning to life in a way that conserves what already is, and also prepares them for creative performances in which the contextual significance of education is manifest.
Copyright (c) 2013 International Journal of English and Education
This article explores themes of memory, aging, loss, and human endurance through the portrayal of an elderly woman reflecting on her life and family history. The narrative centers on a treasured photograph preserved for her grandchildren after the death of their parents, symbolizing remembrance and emotional continuity. The description of the woman’s frailty, physical hardships, and lived experiences highlights the realities of old age and the resilience developed through suffering and survival. The article further examines society’s fascination with longevity, as represented by the media’s sudden interest in the woman upon her approaching one hundred years of age. Through vivid imagery and emotional depth, the work presents a sensitive reflection on loneliness, family bonds, and the dignity of lived experience in the face of time and mortality.
THE EFFECTS OF DI FLASHCARDS WITH A DI DISCRIMINATION AND MATCH TO SAMPLE ON LETTER IDENTIFICATION FOR FOUR PRESCHOOL STUDENTS WITH DOCUMENTED DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS
The purpose of this study was to determine if the use of Direct Instruction (DI) flashcards combined with reinforcement, was effective at teaching a student to identify the letters of the alphabet. When the DI flashcard intervention did not improve student performance, a DI discrimination and match to sample paired with reinforcement were employed to teach our participants to recognize the 26 letters of the alphabet. A multiple baseline across letter sets was used. The study was conducted in a self-contained special education preschool classroom in a public school located in the Pacific Northwest. Low levels of improvement with the use of the DI flashcards, led to the decision to change the intervention to the DI discrimination and a match to sample procedure. Learning was not consistent amongst participants, but they all improved from their baseline performance. This study suggests that the use of DI discrimination and a match to sample method were effective at teaching preschool aged students to identify letters.
Analyzing the Language of Poetry from a Perspective of Linguistics
This article looks at the language of poetry from linguistic point of view. The language of poetry is different from ordinary language. Poets use language in their compositions according to the concept of foregrounding. The purpose of foregrounding is to attract the attention of the readers. So, they go across the domain of deviation and parallelism which is pattern breaking and pattern making respectively. In other words foregrounding is the action of emphasizing something by means of linguistic devices (http://literarism.blogspot.com). In this article, an endeavor has been made to analyze and discuss about some of these linguistic devices, used in poetic language.
As it is said- “Life is like a battle; one has to survive it happily in any situations.” This poem is based on this particular simple theme. In this battle man always think that he/she is all alone but this is not so. In each stage of man’s life there is someone who is stood by him/her. In the first stanza, it is shown that in the first stage of one’s life there are friends with whom he/she learns to walk and learns to dream. In the second stanza, it shown that in the second stage of one’s life there is loved one who is always there as a positive strength in any situation. In the third stanza, it is shown that the situation is more tuff. One has fear that he/she will be spoiled by mind or heart like others. Man himself is a mighty one. Faith, courage, honesty, positive attitudes are the ornaments of man which make him/her pure by heart. If one understands this reality than there is always happiness around man. We are surrounded by colours of happiness. They are within us. They are within our soul!
Echoes of Poetry is an anthology which covers societal settings of life in general. The anthology is classified into five categories which mirror day to day life experiences. It highlights various themes such as love, war, education, politics, corruption & music. The anthology is also written in simple, but poetic language that helps the reader to understand the world from a different angle that has never been explored. The writer explored all the spheres which encloses the African cosmos and beyond. The anthology is explicitly and refreshingly written, and quiet pleasurable to the adult as well as the young reader.
QUEST FOR IDENTITY IN UMAPARAMESWARAN’S “ROOTLESS BUT GREEN ARE THE BOULEVARD TREES’’
This article examines the concept of identity and identity crisis in modern literature, particularly in the context of immigrants and marginalized communities. Early literature largely focused on legends, praise of common people, and the personal experiences of writers. Over time, literary concerns shifted toward issues of selfhood, displacement, and cultural belonging. The study explores how migration, demographic differences, caste, religion, and regional affiliations contribute to the marginalization of individuals in unfamiliar social spaces. It highlights how writers from marginalized backgrounds express their struggles through creative works, using literature as a means of negotiating identity and survival. The article further discusses the changing nature of identity in a globalized world, where technological advancements and migration have made identity fluid rather than fixed. Drawing on Anita Desai’s perspective, the paper argues that identity is shaped by personal experiences, social roles, psychological needs, and cultural realities, making it a central theme in contemporary literary discourse.
THE NON EFFECTS OF THE SOCIAL COMPETENCE INTERVENTION “WHY TRY” AND CONSEQUENCES WITH A STUDENT SEVERE BEHAVIOR DISORDERS AND HIGH FUNCTIONING AUTISM: A CASE REPORT
The purpose of this study was to implement a research-based social skills curriculum called WhyTry to decrease improper verbalizations made by an elementary student with high-functioning Autism. Other classroom interventions set up in conjunction with the social skills curriculum are contingent rewards in the form of chance tickets and the loss of privileges when the student refused to do his work. The effectiveness of the intervention was examined in an ABAB reversal design. Despite frequent academic success, students with high-functioning Autism tend to show deficits in social abilities such as an inability to interact with peers and an inability to monitor social cues. The WhyTry curriculum teaches social and emotional principles to youth in a way that empowers them to take control of their own behavior and choices. The part of the WhyTry curriculum used in this study is called the Word Board, which emphasis the use of thinking before acting or speaking. The results of this study indicate that the Word Board was effective in managing improper verbalizations in some aspects of the school environment, however further research is needed to determine the ability of the student to generalize his inappropriate behavior and interactions with peers.
Analysis of Data Mining Concepts in Higher Education with Needs to Najran University
One of the biggest defy that higher education faces today is predicting the paths of current and alumni students, the purpose of this research is to focus the benefits of the current and alumni students of higher education, Najran University, through Data Mining concepts. In the present scenario textual information is being augmented by ever increasing amounts of non textual information such as images, audio, video. Thus mining of this non textual information plays a great role in its retrieval. Data mining is a process of extracting previously unknown knowledge and detecting interesting patterns from a massive set of data. In the following research approach a functional architecture of user customized audio information on demand system which is termed as Personal Audio Cast (PAC) is proposed, and some of the data mining techniques that might help the staff and the students to achieve the goal.
Evaluation of District Training Educators’ Performance in Term of Teachers’ Training in Punjab
The study was conducted to see performance of DTE (District Teacher Educators) in terms of teachers training of primary schools in Punjab. The main objectives of the study were: (i) To review the DTEs’ program for teachers’ training in Punjab and (ii) To analyze the performance of DTEs’ in perspective of teacher training program 100 Primary schools teachers, 100 DTEs and 25 cluster heads were selected randomly from Rawalpindi district. A questionnaire with minor changes was developed and used for the collection of data from the respondents. The questionnaire was primarily structured to keep the research within predefined boundaries. Data collected were analysed in light of objectives of study and it was found that performance of DTEs is satisfactory in respect of teacher training program. Due to its effectiveness it is recommended that the said program should be launched at secondary level also in the province and such program should be launched in other areas of Pakistan.
THE EFFECTS OF USING FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION TRAINING AND VERBAL IMITATION TO TEACH TWO PRESCHOOL STUDENTS WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS THE WORD “HELP”
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Functional Communication Training (FCT) and verbal imitation with two preschool students who have been diagnosed with autism or characteristics of autism. The word “help” was the focus for this study. The two different interventions were chosen based on the participants’ current levels of communication skills. An ABC single case design was employed to evaluate each intervention. The results of this study revealed very different results for our two participants. The outcomes suggest the need for further research on communication training for preschool students with autism.
THE NON EFFECTS OF USING MUSCLE MEMORY ACTIVITIES AND FADING WORKSHEETS TO TEACH TWO PRESCHOOL STUDENTS DIAGNOSED WITH DEVELOPMENTAL DELAYS HANDWRITING
The purpose of this study was to evaluate and measure the effectiveness of muscle memory techniques and fading worksheets with handwriting on two preschool students diagnosed with developmental delays in both pre-academics and communication. Two students were selected from a self-contained special education preschool classroom in the Pacific Northwest. All the students in the classroom had special needs usually diagnosed with developmental delays but also included other health impairments, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and behavioral impairments age’s three to five. The muscle memory activities intervention was used to teach both students how to write their first name. Then, a fading worksheets system was implemented for both students to provide extra practice. In baseline, both students were asked to, “Write your name. Just try your best.” During baseline, both students were not able to write any letters of their name legibly. The final outcomes showed little improvement in handwriting ability. Muscle memory activities were engaging for the students but time consuming to implement, did not provide enough practice, and required an assortment of materials. Fading worksheets provided extra practice for the students but were not engaging. Suggestions for using muscle memory activities and fading worksheets with preschool children were not made. Reasons for the differential outcomes of muscle memory activities and fading worksheets were discussed.
Mainstreaming Peace Education in Secondary School Curricula in Nigeria
The growing culture of violence in the secondary school system in Nigeria has continued to negatively affect the environment of teaching and learning. The common effects of this trend include poor academic performance, low staff productivity, tensions, broken social relationships, high incidents of students and staff turn-over among other factors. Addressing the problem of conflict and violence in the school system simply requires a non-violent approach. This study therefore examined the compelling need for the mainstreaming of peace education in secondary school curricula in Nigeria. This is because peace education possesses the methodical capacity to systematically eliminate the culture of violence in the secondary school system. A set of educational objectives are to be met by this curriculum in terms of constructing a culture of peace in the actors in the secondary school system in Nigeria. These objectives include equipping learners with knowledge and understanding of issues of conflict and peace, attitudes and values conducive to peaceful living, skills and abilities for resolving conflict. In sum, the adoption of the curriculum would assist in the building of peace capabilities of students, teachers and administrators in the secondary school system, which will assist them to resolve conflict with non-violent techniques.
THE ROLE OF LANGUAGE IN THE TEACHING OF ART AND DESIGN TO VISUALLY IMPAIRED PUPILS: A CASE STUDY OF COPOTA SCHOOL FOR THE BLIND IN MASVINGO DISTRICT IN ZIMBABWE
Learners who are visually handicapped face unique challenges in the education system or precisely in the learning of art, particularly those who were born blind. Yet with more radical changes to teaching and medium of instruction, learners who are blind can perform to their maximum potential. This study focused on establishing how language as a medium of communication can enhance or impede the acquisition of art skills and content. It also aimed to establish which form and type of language is effective and to what extent. A qualitative research paradigm was adopted as suitable for this case study of Margreth Hugo School for the blind in Masvingo province in Zimbabwe. Purposive sampling was employed to select two teachers and their classes, that were observed teaching art and for the interviews. Therefore three data collection methods namely, observation, interviews and document analysis were used. Results among other things indicated that language, first or second, is critical in the teaching of art to the visually handicapped. Visually handicapped learners can learn and make some form of art regardless of their situation. Recommendations have been brought forward to develop a rich adjectival dictionary that can enhance description of art works and art skills to the visually handicapped.
This final thesis discussed an economic subject; built on Sahara refugee's camps and Bangladesh rural communities. The main target is poor housewives live in worse economic. The reason of delivered money to this project had been executed by NGO's, and charities supported small business activity and a little welfare from local government oriented to the vulnerable program. Other part of this final thesis had gone to managing facilities especially; decision makers designed to general business took place in Western Sahara and Bangladesh. The Local market received explaining in production, seller, purchasing, clients, as base of the problem statement. The Business environmental where economic activities had implemented gives more details. in addition the efforts given to jobless around housewives live under less of $2 a day had clarified such main concerning. This final thesis had addressed message call to find effective common economic effort through borrow more money to encourage business economic activities, serving poor and enhance economic situation for housewives. By this mean The NGO's and local governments, need to double their financial efforts towards creating financial possibility emerge this category from poverty.
They found him swinging like a monkey doing acrobatics on a tree branch. The only difference was that the monkey will be playing with and praying to its ancestors of the trees, but he was unhappily lifelessly ‘playing’ see-saw in the wilderness of apes. Self-slaughter, individual murder, a personal atrocity and an egoistic monstrosity perpetrated by one on oneself. He came to this fateful hill, this pseudo-Calvary, armed against himself, ready to bombard, torpedo and utterly fragment himself. Therefore, he was his own criminal, his own Neanderthal, his own hooligan, his own rascal, his own microscopic terrorist. The deed had been done, and there he was, dangling like a de-erected gargantuan elephant penis whose owner has been forcibly and violently castrated in the very presence of a hundred cows on heat. Shame, I say, shame! He was a whole man of GOD, an international preacher material, a potential global evangelist. Most people who had the privilege to hear him agreed that if he was not anointed, then he was anointing itself – personified. Even the non-believers acknowledged at least that he was gifted. Even his most passionate enemies and his most ardent critics in the ministry observed his peculiar gift, to the extent of labelling him a Satanist. The hyperbolic drunkards would jokingly exaggerate his prowess by blasphemously describing him as the madman who out-evangelised John the Baptist himself and even out-prayed Jesus proper! That was the portrait of Apostle Abdul. I had the sad privilege to accompany him on a trip from Harare to Ruwa by the so-called Freedom Trains on our way from the University of Zimbabwe where we were studying then. Little did I suspect that this fiery open-air preacher would pre-decease me in the most tragic circumstances that would leave the Revival Church of Zimbabwe zealots horrified, petrified, terrified, flabbergasted, nay, totally bamboozled.
USE OF AN IPAD APPLICATION AS FUNCTIONAL COMMUNICATION FOR A FIVE-YEAR-OLD PRESCHOOL STUDENT WITH AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER
The use of a functional communication device has proven to be successful for individuals with developmental delays and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). In this study, an iPad application titled “Go Talk Now Free” was evaluated as functional communication for a five-year-old boy diagnosed with ASD. An additional purpose with the replicate and extend the previous research on this topic. A model, lead, test intervention strategy was also employed.. Finally, an independent evaluation was implemented to assess our participant’s acquisition and usage of the iPad application to make independent requests with this devise and app. This results showed that the participant increased his use and knowledge of making independent requests during his special education “choose time.” Consequently, this increase in independent requests demonstrates the functional use of the iPad application “Go Talk Now Free” as a communication strategy for young child with ASD.
USING AND EVALUATING COVER, COPY, AND COMPARE WITH A 4TH GRADE STUDENT WITH AUTISM: A CASE STUDY WITH BRIEF MEASURES OF MAINTENANCE OF TREATMENT EFFECTS OVER TIME
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cover, copy, and compare (CCC) on spelling accuracy with a single student with autism. CCC is a student-managed procedure that teaches discrete skills through self-tutoring and error correction. The effectiveness of CCC was evaluated using a multiple baseline and multiple probe design. The results indicated that CCC was effective in teaching a single student with autism his spelling words. A maintenance of treatment gains showed differential effects. The CCC method was easy to implement and employ in the classroom. Issues related to maintenance of treatment effects were discussed.
THE DIFFERENTIAL, DELAYED AND MODERATE EFFECTS OF COVER, COPY, COMPARE ON SPELLING SECOND GRADE CORE ON SPELLING SECOND GRADE CORE WORDS FOR TWO ELEMENTARY STUDENTS WITH SPECIFIC LEARNING DISABILITIES
The purpose of the study is to test the effects of a Copy, Cover, and Compare (CCC) strategy in spelling for two students with a specific learning disability. The students demonstrated a lack of skill when working on spelling at grade level. The participants were two fourth grade boys, one age 9 and the other age 10. Each had been diagnosed with specific learning disabilities. The study was conducted in an elementary resource room in a large urban school district in the Pacific Northwest. A multiple baseline design was utilized to evaluate the effects of CCC. The results showed delayed improvement during CCC for one participant and modest improvement for the other participant. Reasons for the lack of robust outcomes were given.
Quality Teacher Education in India: Need of Hour
The progress of the country depends on the quality of its teachers. Teacher education is an integral component of the educational system. It is intimately connected with society and is conditioned by the ethos, culture and character of a nation. According to Dr. Radha Krishnan the teachers place in the society is of vital importance, he acts as the pivot for the transmission of intellectual tradition to keep the lamp of civilization burning. He not only guides the individual but also the destiny of the nation. So there is a need to improve the quality of teachers because the quality of education depends on teacher’s quality. In India teacher education programme is increasing quantitatively, but at the same time it is decreasing qualitatively. There are many reasons of the degradation. This situation should be improved immediately so that we can provide qualitative education. Quality is the corner stone of today’s teacher education system and it makes an academic institution good or bad. Quality of teacher education is directly linked to how well the teachers are prepared for teaching. The emphasis of this paper is on the quality improvement in teacher education in India.
PROCESS OF NORMALIZATION WITH INDIA AFTER 9/11 2001
The September 11, 2001 Terror’s attack on the United States brought occurring change in the political Landscape of the world. In the dramatically changed situation, Washington immediately restored its traditional relationship with Pakistan, much to India’s distress. At the same time it also deepened its strategic relationship with India. The Bharatiya Janta Part’s (BJP) elite Including the Prime Minister Atal Behari Vajpai himself had wished portray India and South Asia region as an area of great strategic significance to the US in the war against terrorism – prier to September 11, 2001 the India government already had cordial and close relations with US and in spite of the sanctions imposed after the May 1998, nuclear tests. The US preparing for the international war against terrorism has provided India an opportunity to continue its hegemonic design and strengthen its efforts to emerge as the regional and global power. Indians relations with US and other Western countries in the light of India – Pakistan relations and the Kashmir issue. India’s effort to take advantage of the anti – terrorism campaign in relation to other South Asian countries, and for its larger agenda to acquire a world power status. India because of its size population and strategic Location has been trying to establish itself not only as a regional power also as a global player. George K Tanharn a US scholar says that “India’s strategic location, size and population have contributed to Indian’s leaders believe in its greatness its pre-eminence in the India’s ocean region and its global impotence in this regard various India’s prime ministers such a Jawaharlal Nehru Indira Gandhi Ragiv Gandhi Narsimarao and I-K Gujral formulated and articulated their own perceptions regarding various international developments.
Teaching Home Management to the Visually Impaired: A Case of Copota School for the Blind Zimbabwe
This study examined the teaching of Home Management to visually impaired students. The purpose of the research was to find out how in the absence of sight, the visually impaired students studied Home Management. A qualitative case study of Copota School for the blind in Zimbabwe was used. A qualitative approach was used in order to study the phenomena in its natural setting. Purposive and convenience sampling procedures were used to collect data for the study. The participants were Home Economics teachers, the school administration and visually impaired students studying Home Management. Data was collected through interviews and observation. The findings revealed that teaching Home Management was negatively affected by inadequate resources such as stoves; port set readers, computers with voice, tape recorders. It was also noted that Home Economics teachers enrolled to teach had no training in handling the visually impaired. The teachers were qualified to teach Home Management but not to teach the visually impaired. The study recommended that teaching and learning should be supported by adequate resources for effective teaching and learning to occur. Teachers teaching the visually impaired students should, in addition to their Home Economics qualification, have special training in teaching the visually impaired.
HUMAN RIGHTS EDUCATION: THE ZIMBABWEAN CHALLENGE
The paper explores the topical issue on Human Rights Education. It first distinguishes between Human Rights Education and education as a human right. Then it traces past and present human right abuses internationally and nationally in the context of education. It then interrogates the attempts and challenges of incorporating Human Rights Education in the Zimbabwean curriculum. The American case study is used for comparison purposes. It came out that Human Rights Education is generally taught implicitly in the existing curriculum than explicitly in both cases. It has also emerged that the attempts to consciously teach these rights to Zimbabwean pupils is often regarded with suspicion at its best and outright resistance at its worst, given the highly polarised political environment which has not spared education. The paper recommends a more robust approach to Human Rights Education which can be a panacea to a culture of human rights abuses.
Relevance of Skilful Learning of Students at Secondary Stage in the Context of Indian Classrooms
Education is a vital component in every child’s life and it is true to say that an educated man can bring revolutions in the society. But have we ever thought that this education reaches to how many students and with what components of teaching learning material? It takes many years to revolutionize things and these positive changes are brought about by educated and enlightened minds. Teaching is no longer theoretical and stereotypical; it has undergone many modifications and is considered a skilful profession. Only a skilful teacher can very well understand purposeful learning of students and accordingly devise strategies and methods of teaching. In this paper, we are trying to unveil the dire need of skilful teaching and learning in schools especially at secondary stage .As teacher educators, our initiatives are important as social reformers to promote the learning strategies. Imparting education is important but today’s scenario needs skilful teaching and training of students for them to become efficient as well as skilled personnel in the future world, especially the adolescents.
SONALLAH IBRAHIM THE VOICE OF RESISTANCE: INTERTEXTUALITY, SYMBOLISM AND THE ROOTS OFTHE REVOLUTION
This paper reads Sonallah Ibrahim’s novel Dhat as a prophecy that foreshadow the signs of the current Egyptian revolution that took place at the turn of the 21st century, and which has inspired other Arabic regions as well. His satiric attitude highlights issues of social injustice, in particular, class oppression in Egypt. However, the question is, what are the narrative techniques that Ibrahim used to express his perspectives? And to what extent these views reflect the social reality of Egypt. The paper argues that Ibrahim’s angry tone is largely delivered through intertextuality and symbolism which appeared to be the driving force of Ibrahim's social satire. The discussion mainly focuses on the use of these satirical devices through which Ibrahim presented a panoramic view of social injustice in his society. It concludes with the view that Ibrahim’s critical skills have been carefully interwoven to suggest the sharp socio-economic contrast of the existing situation which ultimately leads to the burst of the Arabic spring.
The Sprit of “Carnivalesque” in Salman Rushdie’s The Ground beneath Her Feet
Mikhail Bakhtin popularized the term “carnivalesque” through his Rabelais and His World.Salman Rushdie, as any other magical realist, makes this an important ingredient of his fiction. Carnivalesque adds that extra dimension to life as it often tends to break off from the routine and mundane. People in the postmodern world crave for exquisite sensations and as a result, bizarre and grotesque game shows and entertainments and e-games have found their ways into the lives of the people. The present paper, in its two sections, shows i) the aspects of carnivalesque and ii) how it is exploited in The Ground Beneath Her Feet.
Dr. R. Chakkaravarthy Dr. R. Chakkaravarthy
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTIVENESS OF REPEATED READING FORTWO ELEMENTARY STUDENTS IN A RESOURCE ROOM
The purpose of this study was to determine if an 11-year-old student with a Specific Learning Disability (SLD) and an 11-year-old student with Other Health Impairment (OHI) would benefit from a repeated reading intervention during their time in the resource room. During each session each student would read a passage three times through. The students individually completed the repeated reading intervention four times a week. Each session lasted about 15 minutes. An ABA experimental design was employed to evaluate the effects of the repeated reading intervention. Two types of reads were assessed, a “cold read” consisted of the participant reading a passage for the first time for 1-minute. While a “hot read” was defined as the second time that the participant read the same passage for 1-minute. Data for cold reads were gathered in each experimental condition while data regarding hot reads were scored only during the repeated reading condition for each participant. The intervention was effective in increasing our participants’ performance for words read per minute and improved their accuracy when reading. The intervention was cost effective and required little training to implement.
Foreign Language Teaching in Higher Education in Europe: Implications for Turkey
Investigating the foreign languages teaching policies in higher education in Europe, it is realized that the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) plays a key role in the planning and the implementation stages of these policies. In this paper, after an introduction to the CEFR, the reports about the CEFR-based foreign language teaching policies of some European Union countries, such as Luxembourg, Lithuania, Estonia, Austria, Hungary, Poland and Slovenia are summarized. Then, studies dealing with the CEFR and foreign language teaching in higher education in Turkey are reviewed. At the end of the paper, the implications of the CEFR in the foreign language teaching policy of the country are discussed.
A Typology of Teaching Styles among Chemistry Secondary School Teachers
Teacher is a prominent person in classroom. Teaching styles will determine how teachers set their direction and focus in teaching. This article investigates teaching styles among Malaysian chemistry secondary school teachers via verbal interaction. Characteristics of these teaching styles were determined in order to make comparison among different teaching styles. Twenty three of chemistry secondary school teachers and their students in Kuala Lumpur were involved in this study. Nonparticipant observation was applied. Ninety two classroom observations were audio and video recorded. Besides that, semi-structured interview with the teachers were carried out. Data were analysed using cluster analysis to identify their teaching styles. Findings from this study found that in laboratory lessons, 95.65% of the teachers’ emphases were on group activities and teacher’s explanation or instruction. Meanwhile, 65.22% of the teachers showed teacher-centred approach, i.e. giving explanation in theory lessons. Characteristics of the teaching styles were investigated in terms of type of teacher’s question and student’s question. Regardless of teaching styles, teacher’s questions and students’ questions were of closed-ended questions, and managerial questions. Based on the findings, teaching style for chemistry lesson is proposed.
A Study of Race, Class and Gender in Asif Currimbhoy’s Plays
Asif Currimbhoy’s plays reveal the notions and aspects of colonialism. He highlights the de-humanizing aspects of colonialism by focusing on the influence of capitalism in all walks of the Post-independent Indian life in some plays. His plays were undertaken as subject of study and research and were even translated into regional language. His plays cover a wide range of themes from History and Politics. The issues of race, class & gender which are prominent in most of Currimbhoy’s plays have not been examined in detail. Currimbhoy’s constant engagement on vital issues informs and impacts his vision of life.